Germany
• General country description
• A. First pillar: implementation of CAP reforms (2003)
• B. Second pillar: implementation of RDP measures during 2007-2013
• C. Vision for the CAP beyond 2013: a short overview of the debate (at Member State level) on future CAP reform
• D. Literature, sources, references
• The comparative analysis provides a compact overview of CAP implementation across all 27 Member States and their visions of the future of the CAP
General country discription
Germany |
Comparison with EU-25 |
Population, 2005 (*1,000,000): 82.5 |
18.0% of population in EU-25 |
Population density, 2003 (inh./km2): 231 |
118 in EU-25 |
GDP/capita, 2005 (PPS): 25,300 |
108% of GDP/capita in EU-25 |
Share agriculture in total employment, 2002 (%): 2 |
5% in EU-25 |
Share Utilized Agricultural Area in total land area, 2003 (%): 49 |
46% in EU-25 in 1998 |
Average farm size, 2005 (ha): 46 |
19 in EU-15 |
Number of farms, 2005 (*1000): 371.1 |
5.7% of farms in EU-25 |
Source: own calculations based on Eurostat
Distribution of farming types, 2005 (% of total)
Source: own calculations based on Eurostat
EU funding for the Single Payment Scheme (SPS)
and the second pillar, 2007-2013
* Funding according to CAP budget including Bulgaria and Romania. Sources: Agra Europe (2007); CEU (2006); EC (2007a)
A. First pillar: implementation CAP reform (2003)
A.1 Single Payment Scheme
Model
SPS dynamic hybrid moving to a flat rate model (EC, 2007b)
Coupling measures
complete decoupling, dairy premium in 2005.
Reason for selection
historic distribution of payment used in order to prevent income effects.
A.2 EU budget for Single Payment Scheme (SPS) per year (National ceiling) 2005-2013
Source: 2005: EC (2006); 2006-2013: CEU (2006) and Agra Europe (2007)
Share of the farms that receive SPS of the total number of farms (2005) (% of total)
96,7% (BMELV, 2007)
Tradability of SPS
Single Payments are generally tradable, but only within regions. Single Payments can be traded and do not have to be attached to land. Further restrictions apply (BMELV 2006a).
A.3 Cross-compliance: Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions (GAEC)
(Source: IEEP, 2005;)
Selected standards of the GAEC
Issue |
Standards |
Summary of farmers’ obligations |
Soil erosion |
minimum soil cover |
>= 40% of arable area of holding must be covered between 1-12 and 15-2 otherwise no ploughing is allowed on remaining 60%. Alternative is no wintercrops and at maximum 40% can be ploughed before 15-2. |
|
minimum land management reflecting site-specific conditions |
|
|
retain terraces |
Terraces must not be removed, unless authorized. |
|
EXTRA: assess real and potential risk to soil erosion |
until 2009; later a regionalised map will be available and national ordinance |
soil organic matter |
standards for crop rotation where applicable |
at least 3 kinds of arable crops, each 15% of arable area. Swapping fields with other farms allowed. |
|
arable stubble management |
no burning |
|
EXTRA: measure soil organic matter en pH |
annual humus balance evaluation; below threshold advice must be taken. Alternative, scientific soil tests at least every six year. |
protection of permanent pastures |
|
< implemented at regional level; depending on the degree of decrease, authorization required to convert permanent pasture. |
Minimum level of maintenance |
retention of landscape features (lf) |
forbidden to remove lf of a minimum size or protected by German Federal Nature Conservation Act |
|
avoiding the encroachment of unwanted vegetation on agricultural land |
make or keep set-aside land as self-seeding. Resulting vegetation and permanent pasture must be cut and distributed evenly across the whole area at least once a year, or mowed and cutting removed every two years. Permanent grass should not be mowed between 1-4 and 15-7 to protect nesting birds and young animals. |
|
EXTRA: set-aside management |
|
|
EXTRA: agricultural land no longer in use |
|
Germany focuses on all issues but soil structure. Main concerns are soil erosion and protection of environment and nature.
Reason for selection of cross compliance standards
GAECs standards are based on current national practices.
A.4 Further reform of market regulations
Wine
Reform is required. Funds used now to get rid of overproduction (distillation, storage, destroy) should be used to make the wine sector competitive. Reform should allow to solve problems in the region where they exist and include region-specific production rules. Farmers producing for the market and focusing on quality should not be restricted in any way.
Decoupling of other products, like tobacco, hop etc.
- hops payments 25% coupled;
- tobacco coefficient for decoupling: 0.4.
Simplification into one market regulation
The intention of Germany is restricted to a technical simplification, not a political simplification.
B. Second pillar: implementation of RDP measures 2007-2013
B.1 Programme level and approval
There is one national strategy and there are 14 regional RDPs (one for each federal state). All regional RDPs have been approved. The Rural Development Committee (consisting of representatives of the 27 Member States) has approved five regional RDPs on 25 July 2007, three on 20 September 2007, three on 25 October 2007 and three on 21 November 2007.
B.2 Distribution of public budget over the axes (%) 1)
|
axis 1: competitiveness |
axis 2: environment and land management |
axis 3: rural economy |
Axis 4: Leader |
Baden-Württemberg |
17 |
66 |
13 |
5 |
Bavaria |
22 |
62 |
11 |
5 |
Brandenburg + Berlin |
36 |
32 |
27 |
5 |
Hamburg |
47 |
24 |
25 |
5 |
Hessen |
28 |
54 |
9 |
10 |
Lower Saxony + Bremen |
44 |
24 |
25 |
7 |
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
27 |
24 |
42 |
6 |
North Rhine-Westphalia |
28 |
54 |
15 |
4 |
Rhineland Palatinate |
38 |
43 |
11 |
8 |
Saarland |
17 |
37 |
31 |
15 |
Saxony |
22 |
32 |
40 |
5 |
Saxony-Anhalt |
31 |
28 |
36 |
5 |
Schleswig-Holstein |
32 |
29 |
27 |
12 |
Thuringia |
28 |
44 |
23 |
5 |
Figures excluding Technical Assistance
Source: own calculations based on BMELV (2006b) and regional RDPs (for references see part D)
B.3 Integration of Leader in axes 1, 2 and 3
In Germany, Leader contributes to all axes, but especially to Axis 3.
B.4 Local Action Groups (LAGs)
The number has not been specified yet by the federal states. Depending on the federal state, the number of LAGs will vary from a very few to an area-wide offer (BMELV, 2006b). In the previous period (2000-2006) Germany had 148 LAGs.
B.5 RDP budget 2007-2013 (million euros)
|
Total public budget |
% co-financing EAFRD 1) |
EAFRD budget |
Contribution private sector |
Total costs |
National top-ups |
Baden-Württemberg |
1265.6 |
48 |
610.7 |
640.3 |
1905.9 |
524.1 |
Bavaria |
2507.9 |
50 |
1254.0 |
1429.8 |
3937.7 |
994.1 |
Brandenburg + Berlin |
1385.0 |
77 |
1062.5 |
626.8 |
2010.6 |
13.1 |
Hamburg |
49.3 |
51 |
25.3 |
p.m. |
p.m. |
p.m. |
Hessen |
436.7 |
50 |
218.4 |
475.5 |
912.2 |
227.4 |
Lower Saxony + Bremen |
1446.8 |
56 |
815.4 |
938.1 |
2373.6 |
687.7 |
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
1152.9 |
77 |
882.1 |
645.9 |
1798.8 |
390.4 |
North Rhine-Westphalia |
794.7 |
37 |
292.5 |
473.8 |
1268.5 |
8.8 |
Rhineland Palatinate |
486.9 |
50 |
245.3 |
332.2 |
819.1 |
191.3 |
Saarland |
56.5 |
50 |
28.3 |
58.6 |
115.1 |
0.2 |
Saxony |
1206.4 |
77 |
926.8 |
1021.0 |
2233.1 |
119.4 |
Saxony-Anhalt |
1067.2 |
77 |
817.5 |
400.2 |
1467.4 |
256.3 |
Schleswig-Holstein |
456.6 |
52 |
237.7 |
585.3 |
1041.9 |
271.5 |
Thuringia |
895.4 |
77 |
692.7 |
626.8 |
1522.1 |
178.8 |
Total Germany |
13207.9 |
|
8112.5 |
8254.3 |
21406.0 |
3863.1 |
1) % of co-financing may vary per axis; larger co-financing rates in some federal states are due to the presence of convergence regions
Source: BMELV (2006b) and regional RDPs (for references see part D)
B.6 Less Favoured Areas
In 2005 8,530,000 ha was designed as Less Favoured Areas (LFA) (50% of UAA) (CEU, 2005).
B.7 Drivers for RDP strategy
Fit within national policy.
C. Vision on the CAP beyond 2013*
C.1 Stages in the development of the CAP debate
Is there a debate about the CAP beyond 2013?
Yes, there is a debate. All main agricultural organizations participate in the debate, among others the Ministry of BMELV, the regional Agricultural Ministries, the Bundeskanzleramt, the Deutscher Bauernverband and the Deutscher Raiffeisenverband.
C2 Key issues in the debate
Contents of the CAP
- On the whole, it is expected that the milk quota will be abolished in 2015. In order to safeguard the continuation of dairy farming in less competitive areas, it is aimed at to get a compensation for dairy farmers in those areas;
- Capping of single farm payments of large farms is unfair and could cause large holdings to split up in order to avoid aid caps (Agra Europe, 2008).
Financing of the CAP
- It is expected that the CAP budget will be decreased after 2013;
- Budget for the second pillar should be increased. This could result in a shift in the allocation of CAP support among Länder, which is a hot issue in Germany.
D. Literature, sources, references
- Agra Europe (2007), "Threat of SFP cuts rises as NMS accede", Agra Europe Weekly, January 12
- Agra Europe (2008), "Council split over modulation, aid capping", Agra Europe Weekly, January 25
- Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landwirtschaft und Forsten und Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz (2006), Bayerisches Zukunftsprogramm Agrarwirtschaft und ländlicher Raum 2007 - 2013, version 14 December 2006
- Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) (2006a), Die EU-Agrarreform - Umsetzung in Deutschland, Ausgabe 2006
- Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) (2006b), Nationaler Strategieplan der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Entwicklung ländlicher Räume 2007- 2013, version 19 September 2006
- Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) (2007), Agrarpolitischer Bericht der Bundesregierung 2007
- Council of the European Union (CEU) (2005), Proposal for a Council Regulation on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) - redefinition of intermediate less-favoured areas, Brussels, Working Party on Agricultural Structures and Rural Development, working document (7971/05), 15 April
- Council of the European Union (CEU) (2006), Council Regulation 1782/2003 (consolidated version - August 5, 2006), Annex VIII and VIIIa, Brussels
- European Commission (EC) (2006), 35th Financial Report on the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, Guarantee section, 2005 Financial Year, SEC(2006)1152
- EC - Directorate F. Horizontal aspects of rural development (2006), Summary of the draft programme 2007-2013 for rural development for Lower Saxony and Bremen, version 22 January 2007
- European Commission (EC) (2007a), EU support for rural development 2007-2013; Pre-allocated funding under Heading 2 "Natural Resources" of the Financial Framework, Brussels: European Commission
- European Commission (EC) (2007b), Overview of the implementation of direct payments under the CAP in Member States Version February 2007, EC, DG for Agriculture and Rural Development
- Hamburg (2007), Stadt - Land - Fluss Entwicklungsplan Hamburg 2007 bis 2013 - Arbeitsfassung
- Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt, ländlichen Raum und Verbraucherschutz (2007), Summary of the Rural Development Programme Hessen 2007-2013
- IEEP (2005), The development and implementation of cross compliance in the EU15: an analysis. Report for the RSPB, Institute for European Environmental Policy
- Ministerium für Ernährung und Ländlichen Raum Baden-Württemberg (2007), Maßnahmen- und Entwicklungsplan Ländlicher Raum Baden-Württemberg 2007 - 2013 (MEPL II), version 5 April 2007
- Ministerium für Ländliche Entwicklung, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Brandenburg (2006), Entwicklungsplan für den ländlichen Raum Brandenburgs und Berlins 2007 - 2013, version 29 November 2006
- Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Naturschutz und Umwelt (2007), FörderInitiative Ländliche Entwicklung in Thüringen 2007 - 2013 (FILET)
- Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume des Landes Schleswig-Holstein (2007), Plan des Landes Schleswig-Holstein zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums 2007 - 2013, version January 2007
- Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (2007), Entwicklungsprogramm für den ländlichen Raum Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2007 bis 2013, version 17 April 2007
- Ministerium für Landwirtschaft und Umwelt Sachsen-Anhalt (2007), Entwicklungsprogramm für den ländlichen Raum des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt (EPLR) im Förderzeitraum 2007 bis 2013, version February 2007
- Ministerium für Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (2007), Das NRW-Programm "Ländlicher Raum'' 2007 - 2013 - Rahmenbedingungen, Powerpoint presentation
- Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Verkehr, Landwirtschaft und Weinbau (2007), Programm "Agrarwirtschaft, Umweltmaßnahmen, Landentwicklung" (PAUL), version March 2007
- Saarland Ministerium für Umwelt (2007), Plan zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums im Saarland 2007-2013, version 21 February 2007
- Sächsisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft (2006), Entwicklungsprogramm für den ländlichen Raum - Förderperiode 2007- 2013, version 10 November 2006
